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Table of Contents
VxWorks and Engineering Debug CommandsThis appendix provides a convenient reference to VxWorks and Engineering debug commands supported on the MGX 8260 media gateway. These commands can be entered at the command line via a console, modem or telnet session.
| Note VxWorks and Engineering debug commands are available only to root users, and are shielded from all other users, including those with MGX 8260 node access level = 1 (SuperUser). |
Overview
The operating system for the MGX 8260 is VxWorks. VxWorks is similar in command structure to UNIX with one exception. All non-numeric argument values are taken as strings and hence, must be enclosed in double quotes. For example, suppose command foo takes two arguments, arg1 and arg2, where arg1 is a character string and arg2 is a hexadecimal numeric value. This command would be entered as follows:
Command Listing
Table B-1 lists the VxWorks commands most commonly used on an MGX 8260 node. Table B-2 lists the Engineering debug commands employed by technicians servicing the MGX 8260 media gateway.
Complete information on VxWorks commands is contained in the VxWorks documentation available in downloadable PDF files from Wind River Systems, Inc. (http://www.wrs.com). Document titles include:
- VxWorks Network Programmer's Guide
- VxWorks Programmer's Guide
- VxWorks Reference Manual
| Note The commands listed in Table B-1 and Table B-2 do not appear in the listing generated by typing help while you are logged in as root. |
Table B-1: VxWorks Commands
| Command | Variables | Description | |
|---|---|---|---|
'directory' | Changes working directory from the current directory to the specified subdirectory. An instance of '..' (double periods) indicates one level up in the directory tree. | ||
cnfkey | 'String'(6-digit key) | Sets the 6-digit security key required for tftp file transfers. | |
copy | 'file1','file2' | Copy one file to another file. | |
dspbimif | Line (1-4) | Displays IP packet counts on SCC broadband interface module (BIM) ports. If the Line variable is not provided, the values shown are concatenated from all lines. | |
dspkey | None | Displays the current 6-digit tftp security key. See also cnfkey. | |
i | None | Displays a listing of all active processes. Most of the processes will show a status of 'PEND', 'DELAY' or 'READY'. These are all normal and valid states. It is abnormal for even a single process to display a 'SUSPEND', 'PEND+S', 'DELAY+S', or 'READY+S' status. Moreover, the existence of multiple tMRPSxxx or tDbmSxxx tasks indicates a problem. If a process such as tMGCP or tMRPC are suspended, there is a serious problem with the SCC. | |
lkAddr | address (Ox prefix to hexadecimal number from ti output) | Displays addressing information for an exception address detected for a suspended task. Note The ti command outputs the INSTR address only when an exception has occurred. | |
lkup | 'string' (alphabetical characters) | Causes the MGX 8260 to output a list of all commands containing the specified string in their name. | |
ll | None | Displays a 'long list' of the current directory's contents (similar to the Unix ls -l command). | |
ls | None | Displays the contents of the current directory. | |
ping | 'IPAddress', x (IP address of target device in dotted notation; x = number of pings to send to the target IP address) | Sends a packet to a specified IP address and monitors its return. It is identical to the UNIX ping command except that the IP address is considered a string and must be enclosed in double quotes. The ping will be initiated out of the SCC back card's Ethernet Mgmt Port.
| |
pwd | None | Displays the current working directory | |
remove | 'filename' | Deletes the specified file.
| |
rename | 'filename' 'new filename' | Renames the specified filename to the new filename. | |
td | 'taskname' | Kills the specified task. The taskname can be derived from the listing displayed for the i command. | |
ti | 'taskname' | The task information command should be implemented for a suspended task. Verifies that an exception has occurred and helps determine the cause of the exception. If an exception has occurred, obtain the memory location (32-bit hex address) following the INSTR field in the output of the ti command and issue the lkAddr command. | |
tt | 'taskname' | Prints the stack trace of a task. Task trace allows you to investigate a suspended task or a task suspected of hogging CPU resources. The taskname can be derived from the listing displayed for the i command. |
Table B-2:
| Command | Variables | Description | |
|---|---|---|---|
None | Lists all the devices as well as their MAC addresses which have responded to the MGX 8260 address resolution protocol (ARP) requests. | ||
checkStack | None | Prints a summary of each task's stack usage. | |
cntmgmusage | None | Shows the maximum available and current utilization of management messages. | |
dbmdispdb | None | Displays the table structures in the node database. | |
dbmdisptab | None | Displays the structure of Table 0 in the node database. | |
dispL2 | Slot (0-based slot number of the card = 0-7, 10-15) | Displays the MRPC layer-2 configuration and counters for the specified card. Only the active SCC circuit card will respond to this command. This command would typically be used when a circuit card is suspected of not properly processing all information—for example, transmitting in one direction only. The command would be issued to obtain a baseline of information. As new messages enter the node, it is expected that both the MRPC transmit and receive queues would show increments. The command would then be re-issued and a difference in the counters would be noted. If a counter shows no incremental values, the circuit card may be failing. | |
dispServices | None | Displays all the services registered with MRPC. A service is commonly referred to as 'port' or 'port number' in MRPC event logs. The output of dispServices displays the service in the left column and either an SIW message queue id or server function address in the right column. If it is a server function pointer, one can identify which circuit card registered the service by issuing the lkAddr command for address shown in the right-hand column against the service. | |
dispTransactions | None | Displays all outstanding transactions on the card where the command is executed. That is, this command can be entered on a session directly connected to any card on the MGX 8260 chassis. Refer to telnet command. | |
dspbimif | Line (1-4) | Displays IP packet counts on SCC broadband interface module (BIM) ports. If the Line variable is not provided, the values shown are concatenated from all lines. | |
dspkey | None | Displays the current 6-digit tftp security key. See also cnfkey. | |
ibpmuxPrtOff | None | Turns D channel debugging off. | |
ibpmuxPrtOn | Num (2, 3 or 4) | Turns D channel debugging on. A single parameter value (2, 3 or 4) scales the amount of debug info to print. A value of 2 will display the least amount of debug info, 4 the most. Note The chidletm command should be used to lengthen the timeout interval before ending the active session when using the ibpmuxPrtOncommand. | |
ibpmuxPrtSts | Set (set ID number = 1-6) | Displays ISDN backhaul session statistics for the specified session set. | |
ifShow | None | Displays the current state of all configured Ethernet management interfaces. Includes the two 10BaseT Management ports as well as any configured in-band Fast Ethernet ports. The output of this command identifies the management ports as follows:
| |
ipbmuxPrtDChan | None | Lists the status of D channels per DS1 line. | |
memShow | None | Shows the memory status (current and cumulative) for the active SCC. Note If the number of free bytes in the CUR field is close to 0, a memory leak has occurred. | |
mgcpPrtOff | None | Turns MGCP debugging off. | |
mgcpPrtOn | Num (2, 3 or 4) | Turns MGCP debugging on. A single parameter value (2, 3 or 4) scales the amount of debug info to print. A value of 2 will display the least amount of debug info, 4 the most. Note The chidletm command should be used to lengthen the timeout interval before ending the active session when using the mscpPrtOn command.
| |
mgcpPrtSts | None | Displays MGCP message statistics. Initialized only during a reboot of the SCC. | |
mpcDispBusyEp | None | Displays all busy endpoints. | |
mpcDispCalls | None | Displays details on all active calls. | |
mpcDispCard | Slot (starting slot number 0-15) Num (number of cards to be displayed) | Displays detailed MGCP platform control (MPC) information for individual circuit cards. | |
mpcDispCardReqs | None | Displays counts of messages sent to the resource manager (RMG), per service circuit card. These messages support flow and congestion control. Counters can be reset by the mpcZeroCardSts command. | |
mpcDispEp | Slot (0-15) Line (line number) Endpoint (starting endpoint number from mpcDispBusyEp) Number (number of endpoints to be displayed) | Displays MPC information for the specified endpoint(s). | |
mpcDispEpFsmCount | Num (2, 3 or 4) | Displays finite state machine (FSM) statistical information associated with endpoints. A single parameter value (2, 3 or 4) scales the amount of debug info to print. A value of 2 will display the least amount of debug info, 4 the most. The counters are reset to zero by the mpcZeroSts command. | |
mpcDispFlcQs | None | Displays statistics for the MPC flow control queue. | |
mpcDispFsmCount | Num (2, 3 or 4) | Displays finite state machine (FSM) statistical information. A single parameter value (2, 3 or 4) scales the amount of debug info to print. A value of 2 will display the least amount of debug info, 4 the most. The counters are reset to zero by the mpcZeroSts command. | |
mpcDispLines | None | Displays MPC information for all lines. | |
mpcDispNumActCalls | None | Displays the total number of currently active calls. | |
mpcDispSizes | None | Displays size information for all MPC data structures. | |
mpcDispSts | None | Displays MGX 8260 platform control (MPC) statistics. Statistics include minor/major alarms, MPC messaging, resource management (RMG), tone detection, and memory status. Counters can be reset to zero by the mpcZeroSts command. | |
mpcZeroCardSts | None | Resets service circuit card RMG message counters. | |
mpcZeroSts | None | Resets MGCP platform control (MPC) statistics to zero. | |
mscpPrtOff | None | Turns IPDC debugging off. | |
mscpPrtOn | Num (2, 3 or 4) | Turns IPDC debugging on. A single parameter value (2, 3 or 4) scales the amount of debug info to print. A value of 2 will display the least amount of debug info, 4 the most. Note The chidletm command should be used to lengthen the timeout interval before ending the active session when using the mscpPrtOn command.
| |
mscpPrtSts | None | Displays IPDC message statistics. | |
prtOff | None | Turns off printing of MPC and RMG debugging messages. | |
prtOn | Num | Turns on printing of specified debugging messages:
| |
routeShow | None | Displays the MGX 8260 routing table for the Ethernet ports. The first (NET) table shows all the subnets to which the MGX 8260 can connect and which interface it will use to connect to those subnets. The 0.0.0.0 entry is the default gateway. The second (HOST) table shows all the host devices the MGX 8260 has located and which interface it used to find those hosts. The output of this command identifies the Ethernet ports as follows:
| |
rudpv1ShowFailureStats | None | Displays RUDP failure statistics. | |
rudpv1ShowInternalStats | None | Displays RUDP connection statistics. | |
rudpvlprtOff | None | Turns off the display of RUDP debug statements. | |
rudpvlPrtOn | None | Turns on the display of RUDP debug statements. | |
SccClearCfg | None | Clears the configuration database of existing information from the active SCC. SccClearCfg should followed by the resetcd command.
| |
SiwFuncTraceDisable | None | Disables all system traces. | |
SiwMsgQShow | None | Displays the status of various internal message queues. | |
SiwTracePrint | None | Displays the contents of the system trace file. The trace file is cleared using TraceDump. | |
SmClearCardCfg | Slot (0-based slot number of the card = 0-7, 10-15) | Clears the card configuration of the card in the specified slot. | |
SmDispCardInfo | Slot (0-15) | Displays the current operating state and other operational parameters of the targeted card. | |
spy | n, m <n = interval seconds> <m = number of samples collected within interval> | Starts a process which monitors and lists the CPU usage of individual tasks within a specified interval. This process runs until turned off. | |
spyStop | None | Turns off the spy task. | |
SysDynMemShow | None | Displays the current state of dynamic memory on the SCC. | |
TraceDebugSet | 'MPC',1,0,1 (enables MGCP platform control tracing only) 'RMG',1,0,1 (enables resource manager tracing only) | Enables debug tracing of the specified code modules. These commands must be issued to allow trace messages to be sent to the system trace log.
| |
TraceDump | None | Clears the contents of the system trace log. | |
upgradeflash Note This command has been superseded by the updatefls command described in Table A-1. | x, '<filename>.fls' (x = 0-based slot number of the card = 0-15; filename = PROM image for the target card) | Upgrades the flash PROM on the targeted circuit card. Refer to the MGX 8260 Release Notes for the filenames for specific circuit card types. The upgradeflash command must be initiated once for each circuit card in the system.
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Posted: Sat Sep 28 22:27:30 PDT 2002
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It may look like a regular slot machine and play like one, but a video lottery terminal differs quite a bit in terms of how winners are determined.
VLT gaming machines are usually equated more with games like bingo, pull-tabs, scratch-offs, or lotto than they are with slot machines. This is because there are a pre-determined number of winners, and players are competing with each other for a prize rather than against the house. There is also not necessarily a winner in each game.
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VLTs are most often found in Indian gaming casinos or “racinos” (location with both a horse racetrack, as well as a casino). Each machine or terminal in a casino is linked together, forcing players to compete against one another for the prize, and with a set number of wins and losses, the group of machines is preprogrammed to payout at specific times.
The only catch for VLT machines is that players must announce their win in order to get the payout because the games are interactive. Although not every game has a winner, the game will be ongoing until a winner is determined.
As indicated by the name, video lottery winners are determined much like a lottery scratch card. Basically, when a game starts on a VLT, the system the machines are connected to randomly chooses a “scratch-off ticket” from those that remain. Once it receives the information regarding the winner, it sends the results to the VLT to reveal the winner, typically in some entertaining way.
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Obviously, the machine doesn’t have the ability to actually scratch off a ticket, but it does choose the winner from a pool, similar to a lottery ticket. Once all the outcomes in a pool are chosen, the central system receives a new pool.
The payouts can be slightly different on VLTs, as well. According to readybetgo.com, “The final results wouldn’t be noticeably different if the RNG simply picked one number from a group of numbers. Thus the mathematic methods of supplying the decisions in VLTs may be radically different than traditional RNG methods. But in the end, 1 in 10 is still 1 in 10, and 1 in 5,000 is still 1 in 5,000.” The artible goes on to explain that the reason VLTs can be slightly tighter is that they’re offered in areas where there is little competition. In fact, the typical payout is anywhere from 85% to 92%. So, if you’re playing in a casino that offers both VLTs and traditional slots machines, you’re probably better off with the latter.
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Slot machines often referred to as “Vegas-style” or traditional slots are the machines you’re probably used to playing. Each traditional slot machine in a casino plays independently from other machines. The only way in which they are linked is usually in terms of the jackpot, but this is only for progressive networks.
Contrary to popular thought, there is no way to know if a certain machine is “hot.” The typical belief is that if a machine has just paid out, you shouldn’t play on it. This is simply not true. Because of the Random Number Generator, each machine has exactly the same likelihood of paying out. Unlike VLTs, slot machines are also not preprogrammed to pay out at any time, so you always have a chance at the jackpot!
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To put players at ease who may have abandoned a machine in the past only to watch it pay out for the next player, you must understand that RNGs are programmed down to the millisecond, so the odds of winning if you had stayed are low. Because of this, the lever must be pulled at almost the exact time the winning number is generated.
Unlike VLTs, slot machine wins are immediate, and winners don’t have to announce their win to receive a prize. Although, I wouldn’t discourage any hooting and hollering if you’ve just landed a $10,000 jackpot. You earned it.